American democracy was an important proof of concept that changed the world. If you read the pro-democracy (anti-king) activists of the time like Thomas Paine, it is clear that the success of US democracy was a sea change that encouraged democratic revolutions across Europe. At the time, the idea of a nation governed by its people was rather novel and untried. The model ultimately chosen in the US and defined in the constitution was one of divided, representative, federalized, democracy. Other Western democracies have since chosen small variations on this model.
All of these Western democracies have been corroded and, in my opinion, mortally stabbed by a number of external and internal power centers. In re-reading some of the books of these early champions of democracy it is quite sad to see how differently elected government has turned out compared to their visions. For example, Thomas Paine and John Stewart Mill praise the end of wars and the beginning of peace under democracy as the people never stand to benefit from wars and taxes. In the end, the same corruption and bureaucracy infected democracy and led to governments almost indistinguishable from the kings and queens of feudal Europe.
In theory, the representative democracy (which is just one of the forms of democracy) was designed to divide power in order to prevent any one body from collecting all the power. In this way, the US senate was given appointment approval powers and the US House (designed as more populist) was given ultimate control of the budget, taxing, and spending. The President, the Constitution, and the Courts were given powers designed to limit the elected government. Other forms of power division were also used including reserving certain powers to states and delegating power (like Germany where delegation of powers is used by their elected Bundestag). This division of power addressed concerns and problems with government at the time, but lacked a serious understanding of political power outside of a king. This left the American form of government vulnerable to the subversion described below – listed in order of when each one was injected into the body politic of America. As we will see, Western democracy has been controlled by special interests since its birth.
Federalism
An early method of consolidating political power away from the more local and populist state governments was the idea that a national government should be given more power at the expense of the sovereignty of the states. Various reasons were given for this centralization, all of them dishonest in my opinion. A similar debate is going on in Europe where centralization is happening even as the power center in Brussels fails. The arguments made now in Europe for more power for the European Commission are similarly dishonest. For example, it is argued that centralization will aid the debt imbalances, when in fact it will simply feed the same beasts at a faster rate. No, the Federalists and all such centralizers sought the power resources of a monarchy while paying lip service to democracy. For example, the celebrated Hamilton, leader of the Federalists, proposed making the president a position for life. Federalists desired from the beginning a permanent bureaucracy that could manage and subdue the states. Such management is naturally allergic to popular democratic change.
Power Brokers
Regional power brokers and coalitions joined workers groups, elites, and immigrant groups into political machines that often centered around a large regional metro center like NYC or NOLA. These political machines were recognized as an incurable scourge as early as the time of Andrew Jackson and continued to decide presidencies and senate elections beyond the time of LBJ (1960s). Famous examples are the Tammany Hall Machine, the Chicago Machine, and the Byrd Machine. These political machines operated purely on power and purely on the power seized by controlling the state, which in turn was used to buy support in the form of patronage. Thus, early American democracy devolved into patronage networks that can be summarized by their operating principle: reward friends and punish enemies. Corruption was explicit and public with state employees in some cases being required to pay into the machine a percentage of their state wages. The state and courts were merely tools for power and favors with little regard for representation. Europe has this problem throughout the EU governmental bodies.
Commercial Interests
Alongside the birth of democracy another idea for the distribution of the power of money was developed: capitalism. Here the founders deserve extensive fault for not protecting the young republic from this form of subversion. Already powerful commercial interests (for example, the East India Company) in the colonial powers of Europe exerted massive influence over the monarchies of Europe. In America, democracy proved even more vulnerable to their influence. As transportation became more efficient and America became more connected, the power of these commercial interests grew as well. Today, Citizens United is the law of the land, enshrining the right of corporations to bribe politicians as simply “free speech.” In Washington DC, power follows those politicians who can raise the most money for their party. Elections cost billions of dollars with many corporate interests donating to both sides to ensure influence. Finally, parties have become machines against any politician amongst their own ranks which dares to represent their citizen’s interests – by funding primary challengers at the request of their donors.
Banking Interests
No greater conflict has challenged government since the Greek era more often and more subversively than control of the money supply of a nation. At its extreme, control of the money supply is sovereignty and control of policy. Before democracy swept Europe, kings generally controlled the production of money within their nations / empires. As the king was replaced by Parliament, bankers repeatedly demanded oversight of the money supply pointing to the long history of failures of government run banking (inflation) which was mostly at that time under inflation under kings. Now almost every Western democracy has a central bank that controls the money supply and is independent from elected government and partially/totally-controlled by the private banking sector. While the “independence” of these central banks is questionable, no one can challenge the fact that they are explicitly controlled for the benefit of bankers and implicitly to hurt labor by preventing “labor inflation”. Ultimately, power over the money supply is power over the economy and, therefore, the unaccountable power over the electoral success of government administrations. These interests run counter to the right and the left of the political spectrum but nevertheless have been rendered untouchable.
The Permanent Bureaucracy
Change in a democracy is sold as something driven by elections and the people. In reality when the action must be taken through a permanent bureaucracy (PB), those in that bureaucracy can hold change hostage. The PB forms an unofficial private-public partnership where government contractors are awarded contracts by the PB and then these contractors lobby for the continued existence and the status quo at the agency. Both the contractors and the PB profit more when no changes are made and often when no results are produced. This unofficial partnership can also be seen in the so called “revolving door” between government agencies and those corporations that they regulate or award contracts to. Even worse, certain three letter govt. agencies have been known to directly lobby congress to maintain their power, blackmail politicians, lie about evidence to sway elections, and otherwise act in their own interests and against those of the people. This is what makes them permanent and politicians temporary. Just see JFK.
The Military
The founders and especially George Washington saw this risk of the military or a peace-time standing army forming too strong of a power versus the elected government. This weakness of most democracies is often exploited by the CIA in latin america and south east asia, where military coups take over elected governments likely to counter US colonial interests there. Later, President Eisenhower described the danger further by describing a particular permanent bureaucracy that he called the military-industrial complex (MIC). One way of looking at this is that every major threat the US has countered since the Korean war was due to indiscriminate US meddling with little purpose other than mission making or countering others. In particular, many US funded groups went on to be the largest threats to the US (Saddam Hussein, Hamas, ISIS, Al Qaeda, even Nazis), reaping profits for this complex all along the way.
This complex, however, is more dangerous than other PBs because rather than just advocating for greater budgets, this complex profits by making the world a less safe place and benefits when America has many threats. Thus, US foreign policy has not been peaceful or diplomatic since at least the first world war because the influence of this military PB which has an outsized budget and unchecked power to covertly generate the very hotspots that then justify its funding. This is a cancer unable to be severed; JFK tried. Unfortunately, a cancer for the US is a plague for the world and international relations such that no western democracy is untouched by this cancer. The early activists for democracy thought it would lead to world peace as no citizen would fund needless petty wars; this complex has instead proven democracies to be some of the best instruments for collecting taxes for wars (feudal kings would be jealous).
Conclusion
Power collects and centralizes regardless of the human divisions and weaknesses that are introduced into the official power structures. If power cannot flow through the primary structure, it will flow through some other structure to get its desired result much like a lightning bolt. No amount of division of power by the founders of the US could prevent what we have today and that is because these founders were blind to the nature of political power due to the fact they had never been close to any such power (in their time, this was the royal courts, which had similar issues to those above).
At no time in the history of western democracies has government represented and pursued only the interests of its own people. It was corrupted from the start, which is readily apparent just from the fact that the Bill of Rights was amended into the Constitution immediately after the creation of the Constitution, enshrining some of America’s most important protection for citizens. As soon as the federal government was empowered it had to be constrained to prevent abuse. From that point, Federalism, Political Machines, Power Brokers, Commercial Interests, Banking Interests, the Permanent Bureaucracy, and the Military each wielded far more power than the citizenry.
Representative democracy also has an underlying premise that is false and is now so ludicrously, and obviously false that, as a result, Americans have a 12% approval rating for their own elected Congress. That false premise is that a person elected based on a platform and based on statements made before election will define the platform and the politician’s actions once elected. This is what is called an agency problem where our elected officials are agents acting on behalf of the people after being empowered by the people. As is increasingly apparent, politicians will say anything to get elected and then shamelessly do the opposite. Since they are controlled by the same interests, they vote the same way and no "change agent" results in change (cough Obama, cough AOC, cough Mike Johnson, cough Meloni).
Other models of democracy exist and flourish in the world today outside the West. These models are demonized in the West by politicians and the PB because their livelihoods depend on the current model. The founders of the US and those that copied them in Europe got it wrong – division of power does not weaken it, but rather re-channels that power into darker places hidden from you and I. Other models of democracy address this fundamental nature of power differently to better represent the people, which can be confirmed by populist change or approval polls. There is no greater current indictment or proof of failure of the current democracies in the West than their widespread disapproval by their own voters and their constant pursuit of policy goals adverse to their populace. Therefore, a return to the US constitution or to the founders' intent or equivalent representative democracy is insufficient; such democracy is a swiss cheese for the worms of hidden power to thrive in.

